Introduction/Objective: Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) is rare and causes inflammation of the small and medium vessels of the brain, leptomeninges and spinal cord. We present a case of PACNS, demonstrate the diagnostic challenges, and appreciate outco [....] » Read More
Implant infection is rising with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control predicting one person every three seconds will die from a bacteria infection by 2050. Nanomedicine is the use of nanomaterials to improve disease prevention, detection, and treatment which has resulted in hundr [....] » Read More
Background: Cerebral aneurysms are potentially life-threatening conditions that may present with nonspecific symptoms, often delaying diagnosis. This case underscores the critical importance of meticulous history-taking and physical examination, particularly in patients with [....] » Read More
Neurological and physiological disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD, PTSD, and Bipolar Disorder uniquely impair emotional regulation, presenting complex challenges for therapeutic intervention. This research explores the potential of EEG-based Brain-Computer Int [....] » Read More
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurologic disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). This augments the indirect pathway by over-exciting the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) causing excessive suppressio [....] » Read More
Objective: Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is a well-recognized, but rare variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and is typically characterized by the classic triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. Here we report a case with an atypical presentation of Miller Fisher synd [....] » Read More
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia (PD) stands as a rare and heterogenous group of movement disorders represented by sudden, involuntary movements. The Term “Paroxysmal” means it appears instantaneously, and the term “Dyskinesia” means movements of the Body that are in [....] » Read More
Innovative neuromodulation technologies like Neurofeedback and Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) are offering hope for individuals diagnosed with severe depression. These non-invasive approaches target specific brain regions involved in mood regulation and emotional processing [....] » Read More
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality.1 Bouchard aneurysms represent a very small percentage of these cases. However, its appreciation and consideration of rupture due to volume overflow and hypertension must never be ignored. We present the cas [....] » Read More
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a public health concern worldwide including India and other developing nations causing the leading cause of death and disability. This is the first study from Indian subcontinent to prospectively assess outcomes in severe/moderate TBI patients acro [....] » Read More
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) are clinical conditions characterized by progressive deterioration in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, perception, and executive function. They include diseases like Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dement [....] » Read More
Objectives: Community consultation is necessary to ensure the uptake and use of community-based screening intervention to detect early childhood disabilities, as its absence can result in poor service acceptance and usage. To document stakeholders' perspectives regarding plan [....] » Read More
Introduction: Children with communication difficulties from impoverished families may face barriers to accessing rehabilitation services due to factors shaping caregiver health-seeking behaviour, resulting in poor follow-up. These factors warrant closer examination, particularly [....] » Read More
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have weak physical abilities and their limitations may have an effect on performing everyday motor activities. One of the most important and common debilitating factors in CP is the malfunction in the upper extremities to perform motor skills and [....] » Read More
A population of neurons modeled by a frustrated array of Josephson junctions has memory. The model can be thought of as a two dimensional array of spins free to point in any direction. The dynamics tries to minimize the energy, and this requires the spins to point in the same dir [....] » Read More
Care homes play a crucial role in providing specialized care and support to individuals with neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke survivors. These facilities offer a safe and structured environment, tailored to meet the uniq [....] » Read More
Peripheral nerve transection results in the permanent loss of sensory muscle afferent synapses that, otherwise, provide monosynaptic input to motor neurons. This loss in synapses results in persistent motor deficits such as the absence of the stretch reflex and occurs independent [....] » Read More
In recent scientific and technological advances, many boundaries among science, engineering and cognitive informatics are cross-linked in the face of combinations of knowledge and tools as demonstrated in the areas of scientific computing, network computing, bio-molecular computi [....] » Read More
Objective: Progressive apraxia of speech (PAOS) is a neurodegenerative syndrome related to the propositional and schematic aspects of motor speech production, whereas behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is due to a decline in behavioral features. Clinical and [....] » Read More
Dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are progressive neurodegenerative conditions that significantly affect memory, executive function, and daily living. As global populations age, innovative, accessible interventions are increasingly important. Digital therapy, which inc [....] » Read More
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly late-onset AD, stands as the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally. Owing to its substantial heritability, genetic studies have emerged as indispensable for elucidating genes and biological pathways driving AD onset and pr [....] » Read More
The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between religious attendance as one of the main forms of social engagement and cognitive functions in old age. The risk of cognitive impairments, a forerunner dementia and Alzheimer which lead to death and disability in [....] » Read More
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, affecting the brain`s ability to control movement and coordination. PD affects the brain, but disease pathology is systemic which is evident in peri [....] » Read More
Introduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) remains one of the most challenging neurodegenerative disorders, with limited therapeutic options available to halt or reverse its progression. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, a non-invasive treatment that utilizes specific wavelengt [....] » Read More
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, currently affects over 55 million people, projected to reach 153 million by 2050.The pathological alteration of tau protein, which plays a central role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases [....] » Read More
Streptozotocin (STZ) is a widely used neurotoxin in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) due to its ability to induce cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration. STZ administration leads to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the development o [....] » Read More
Background and Objective: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and tau tangles. Early diagnosis is vital for timely intervention. This study investigates metabolic alter [....] » Read More
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders globally. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a global pandemic. Our study connects VDD and cognitive deficit in ADHD, in the context of the irisin and galectin-3 levels. We aim to [....] » Read More
In all cognitive tasks, attention is crucial for processing and learning information. This study aims to examine the harmful impact of growing screen use among children in Morocco on their attentional capacities and educational outcomes. It provides a neurocognitive perspective t [....] » Read More
Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with significant neurocognitive consequences. In Morocco, particularly at Idrissi Hospital in Kénitra, TBIs represent a frequent cause of hospital admissions, yet data [....] » Read More
Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) are disabilities primarily caused by impairment of the neurological system and brain functioning. They are characterized by impairments in cognition, communication, behavior and/or motor skills as a result of abnormal brain development usually [....] » Read More
Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by repeated seizures. A seizure is defined as a sudden alteration of behavior to the brain due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning. Usually, the brain continuously generates tiny electrical impulses in an orderly pattern, [....] » Read More
Background: Epidural hematoma (EDH) is a neurosurgical emergency requiring rapid diagnosis and intervention. While the “lucid interval” is a classic feature, many patients may deteriorate rapidly even after an initially stable presentation. Tuberous sclerosis com [....] » Read More
Ollier’s disease is a dysplasia of cartilage characterized by multiple enchondromas. Previous literature did not observe the concurrence of Ollier’s disease and gliomas, however, the presence of these two comorbidities is now becoming evident. In patients with Ollier& [....] » Read More
In the modern world, electronic devices are utilized by all to alleviate issues and improve efficiency and well-being. Examples include reminders set on smartphones, which allow humans to remember tasks to complete, and phones making it feasible to call or text others to communic [....] » Read More
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of brain cancer. Current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, often fail due to the tumor’s ability to develop resistance. The proteins YAP-1 (Yes [....] » Read More
Determining a non-invasive, serum-based diagnostic panel for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) played a significant role in the prevention and treatment of AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross the blood–brain barrier and may provide a source for AD bio [....] » Read More
Background: Sepsis is a life threating condition characterized by organ dysfunction resulting from the body's inappropriate response to infection. Neuromedin B is a decapeptide consisting of 30-32 amino acids, isolated from porcine spinal cord, and serves as a mammalian analo [....] » Read More
The study aimed to develop a supramolecular formulation of sulpiride (SUL) with naringin (NARI) to enhance its solubility, dissolution, and permeability, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux inhibition mechanisms. SUL is utilized to treat various conditions like gastric ulcers, migra [....] » Read More
Background and Aims: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis and neurogenesis, particularly in response to cerebral injury. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of VEGF in brain tissue surrounding hemorr [....] » Read More
Background: One of the most challenging aspects of epilepsy management is increasing the response rate to its treatment. Epilepsy is one of the disorders that is highly influenced by genetics. Gene variants in early neural development cause functional and structural impairment, r [....] » Read More
Background: The gold standard of ancillary imaging in determining brain death is Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) of the four cerebral vessels, which boasts a near 100% sensitivity and specificity. However, its use is limited due to its time-intensive nature, need for transf [....] » Read More
We present a case of enterovirus encephalitis in a female cheerleader who presented to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms following a head injury. The case illustrates the importance of thorough evaluation and the unexpected diagnosis of viral encephalitis, which was ide [....] » Read More
Neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) is linked to learning and memory and contributes to normal hippocampal function, and TBI has been shown to disrupt the normal process of neurogenesis (Leng & Bonaguidi., 2018).Due to the different TBI models and available, t [....] » Read More
Introduction: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons due to the aggregation of a protein named α-Synuclein in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Current therapies for PD do not address this pathology. This paper pr [....] » Read More
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia, is characterised by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Although the exact aetiology of AD remains unclear, recent research highlights the pivotal role of epigenet [....] » Read More
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide, with significant impact on both physical and cognitive health. Although strokes are less common in young adults, they still occur in this population, particularly in those with certain comorbidities, such [....] » Read More
Background: Epilepsy is a common and very heterogeneous neurologic disorder. It is a disturbance of sensation, behavior, emotion, or motor function resulting from the rapid and local discharges of gray matter. A seizure's incidence and recurrence may be facilitated by altered [....] » Read More
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of childhood-onset physical disability; it is a group of nonprogressive movement disorders that require coordinated, multidisciplinary care. Adolescents with CP often face significant challenges during the transition from pediatric to [....] » Read More
In accounts of the development and progression of psychophysical disorders such as Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) and Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD), the role of beliefs, perceptions, and behavioural patterns has often been overlooked in favour of a geneticall [....] » Read More
Patients with Functional Seizures (FS) (also known as Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES), have involuntary paroxysmal episodes that resemble epileptic seizures but without organic etiology. Many patients with FS have a history of sexual, physical, or emotional abuse or oth [....] » Read More
The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining how we experience qualia or phenomenal experiences, such as seeing, hearing, and feeling, and knowing what they are. To solve this problem, a theory of consciousness needs to link brain to mind by modeling how emergen [....] » Read More
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA (18-24 nt long) that fine-tune gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. With the advent of "multi-omics" analysis and sequencing approaches, they have now been implicated in every facet of basic molecular networks, including [....] » Read More
Prior to WWII the majority patients with tSCI died in hospitals. There was however no shortage of Clinicians experimenting with the management of the injured spine. During WWII L. Guttmann (a well-trained aggressive Neurosurgeon) was given the task of looking after injured sol [....] » Read More
As the world’s population ages, Cognitive Frailty (CF) is becoming one of the most serious health problems and elucidating its biological mechanisms along with prevention and treatments becomes increasingly important also considering the associated health costs. We thus per [....] » Read More
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a series of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social disorders, rigid behaviors and narrow interests.The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the prevalence of ASD has been increasing over the past 50 years. Wi [....] » Read More
Sleep serves a vital restorative function, yet the precise mechanisms underlying brain activity during sleep deprivation remain unclear. Alpha waves (8-12 Hz), typically associated with relaxed wakefulness, also appear in various sleep stages, particularly during the transition f [....] » Read More
Brain cancer and its treatments bring a unique threat to the patient’s identity and quality of life by challenging their essential identity in significant ways, possibly including impaired cognitive skills, loss of memory, reduced coordination, altered feeling states, and l [....] » Read More
Background: Convergence insufficiency (CI) is common in traumatic brain injury (mTBI), causing headaches, blurry vision, reading problems and reduced quality of life. Standard near point of convergence (NPC) testing may miss subtle deficits. This proof-of-concept study evaluates [....] » Read More
Frena are congenital remnants of tissue comprised of collagen, soft mucosa and fascia that can support or restrict movement. When this tissue is too short, too thick, too tight, or in the wrong location it is tethered. Tethered oral tissue(s) (TOTs) can impede feeding, swallowing [....] » Read More
It has been noted by multiple researchers that there is Spontaneous Electrical Activity (SEA) at painful trigger points. This author has studied chronic muscle spasm and found that SEA is always present and appears to be the cause for the chronic nature of muscle spasm and result [....] » Read More
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common and fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease in the world. Although commonly recognized as a motor disorder, non-motor symptoms such as apathy and anhedonia are equally as prevalent. Depressive symptoms may result from neu [....] » Read More
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease that affects at least 50 million people worldwide and is on the rise to affect about 152 million by 2050. This progressive disease burdens both the patients and their family/caregiver, bringing upon social, e [....] » Read More
Dementia is a global health challenge, with over 55 million diagnosed cases and a significant portion of undiagnosed individuals, particularly in low-income countries. Early detection is critical for effective intervention, yet traditional screening methods like the Clock Drawing [....] » Read More
Alcohol Use Disorder is a chronic disease that causes an individual to lose control of their ability to stop drinking, diagnosed by state markers and biomarkers. We analyzed a publicly available RNA-seq dataset comparing patients with Alcohol Dependence (now AUD) to controls. W [....] » Read More
Musical tempo has not been definitively proven to alter memory such as storage and retrieval (Proverbio et al. 2015; Cournoyer Lemaire et al. 2019; Kwon et al. 2022). Prior studies have shown little research toward the effect of differing music tempos on the storage and retrieval [....] » Read More
Bismuth encephalopathy is a rare cause of neurological dysfunction that can result in confusion, gait disturbances, myoclonus, and dysarthria. Due to the rarity of this condition, a bismuth toxicology workup is usually not immediately initiated upon presentation of neurological s [....] » Read More
Background: The optimal antithrombotic regimen for secondary stroke prevention remains debated due to trade-offs between ischemic recurrence and bleeding risk. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) comparing antiplatelets, vitamin K antagonists, and direct oral anticoag [....] » Read More
Background: Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) affects 1.2/1000 children in the UK. Within the last year, at Darent Valley Hospital (DVH) there have been 3 SUDEP related deaths. Despite this, SUDEP discussions are not consistently documented in clinics. We completed a Qu [....] » Read More
Introduction: Simulation is considered an effective teaching strategy for medical students. In literature, neurology-themed simulation remains limited and less prominent in comparison to other specialties. Simulation provides students a chance to emulate real-world scenarios they [....] » Read More
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary central nervous system cancer in adults, with limited treatment efficacy and poor prognosis. Mitochondrial genomics is a rapidly expanding field and variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been implicated in GBM me [....] » Read More
Statement of the Problem: Women who suffer mental health issues, because of Autism Spectrum Disorder has a significant impact on their lives, especially if they’ve suffered trauma because of the bullying/discrimination/cruel remarks & actions from other people. Autis [....] » Read More
Neuropathic foot pain is a significant clinical issue, as its persistent and distressing nature severely impacts patients' quality of life. Neuropathic foot pain arises from damage or dysfunction within the somatosensory nervous system, leading to pain that is often dispropor [....] » Read More
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s are progressive and currently incurable disorders caused by the degeneration of nerve cells. This deterioration results in a gradual decline in both mental and physical health. A key factor in neurodegener [....] » Read More
Background: Acute transverse myelitis (ATM), a rare inflammatory spinal cord disorder, typically presents with rapid-onset motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. While most cases evolve within 48 hours, 10–15% exhibit subacute progression over weeks to months, often lea [....] » Read More
Migraine is a recurrent neurovascular illness characterized by acute pain that lasts for prolonged periods, nausea, vomiting, and problems with the autonomic nervous system. The study aims to explore the prevalence of migraine among Bangladesh's university students, predict t [....] » Read More
Background: People with neglect suffer from various spatial deficits in several modalities, which in many cases impair everyday functioning. Virtual reality (VR) is a form of interaction between humans and computers in which a real or imaginary environment is simulated. Users int [....] » Read More
Background: Burnout is associated with cognitive impairment. Research has shown a link between burnout and difficulties in executive functions in daily life, as well as changes in underlying neural processes. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the impact of burnout on co [....] » Read More
Vascular Dementia (VD) is a cognitive disorder caused by vascular brain damage, leading to memory impairment and anxiety. This study aims to investigate the role of different forms of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in modulating the effects of VD and explore potential therapeuti [....] » Read More
The quality of EEG data is crucial for effective brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, and the ADS1299EEG-FE board has emerged as a powerful contender in this arena due to its high-resolution ADC and integrated amplifiers. This review critically examines two distinct appro [....] » Read More
Introduction: SUG revolutionized anesthesia by offering rapid, effective reversal of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). SUG works by encapsulating NMBAs, thereby reducing their free plasma concentration. However, post-marketing surveillance identified ra [....] » Read More
Background: Lithium (7 Li) is an effective first-line treatment for bipolar disorder but is underutilized in clinical practice due to concern over side effects and difficulties in predicting response among patients. Although novel multinuclear MRI has demonstrated a heterogeneous [....] » Read More
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain cancer and has a dismal prognosis due to its heterogeneous nature and blood-brain barrier (BBB) issues. The BBB is formed by specialized brain endothelial cells with supporting pericytes and astrocytes, which act as a barrie [....] » Read More
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and brain aging. Early preclinical data suggest a putative role of cellular senescence in AD pathogenesis, leading to speculations that senescent cells mig [....] » Read More
Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with an incompletely understood etiology. Emerging evidence suggests a critical link between gut microbiome disruption and MS pathogenesis, with antibiotics potentially [....] » Read More
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal loss. While several coding mutations have been implicated in familial PD, the contribution of non-coding genomic elem [....] » Read More
The effect of levothyroxine (L-T4) on the learning and memory impairment induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and brain tissue oxidative damage in rats was evaluated. An animal model of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was established by intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 m [....] » Read More
Many studies indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress can induce neuronal damages, modulate intracellular signaling and ultimately leads to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. To review antioxidants pre [....] » Read More
Background: Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms (P. mildbraedii) was believed to have multiple benefits, including antioxidant, antipyretic, antalgic, anti-convulsant, and anxiolytic effects. People traditionally believe it can boost immunity, eliminate free radicals that cause cance [....] » Read More
Background: Online visual health content is a widely used source of medical information, especially in emotionally charged fields like neuro-oncology, where patients and caregivers often turn to digital platforms for accessible education. However, the unregulated nature of such p [....] » Read More
Background: While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the gold standard for morphological imaging, its ability to differentiate between tumor tissue and treatment-induced changes on the cellular level is insufficient. Notably, glioma cells, particularly glioblastoma multifor [....] » Read More
In recent decades, treatment outcomes for glioma patients, particularly those with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), have seen little progress. This is largely due to the tumor's unique characteristics, including its heterogeneity at macroscopic, microscopic, and genetic levels, [....] » Read More
Executive function (EF) refers to higher-order cognitive processes associated with the prefrontal cortex, playing a critical role in goal-directed behavior and daily functioning. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Behav [....] » Read More
Reactive retinal glial cells (RRGC) like Müller cells and microglia are important for retinal health, whereas impairment of RRGC function alters visual acuity functions. These cells are known to secrete neurotrophic and growth factors for the support of neuronal survival and [....] » Read More
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis for most of the patients. The costs of care can overwhelm these patients at times where work is difficult, so there is a need to evaluate affordable alternatives. There exists a body of literature [....] » Read More
Background: Cerebral vascular accidents are rare in infants but represent a critical concern in pediatric orthopedics, particularly when they result in significant musculoskeletal dysfunction or deformities. Brainstem infarctions, contributing to neurovascular injury, account for [....] » Read More
In this research, dopamine’s involvement in working memory and cognitive functioning was investigated. The current youth has been experiencing a decline in cognitive functioning, and many have attributed this to a dopamine rewiring stemming from micro reward chasing habits [....] » Read More
Background: Prediction of the radiological outcomes of the vestibular schwannomas (VSs) following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is critical in the management of these lesions. Predictions of tumor control can optimize therapeutic strategies and enhance treatment outcomes. With [....] » Read More
Ventricular segmentation is a critical step in neuroimaging data evaluation neuroimaging data, particularly in hydrocephalus. Current methods are mainly based on 2-dimensional measurements and ratios. Traditional manual and semi-automatic ventricular segmentation are time-consumi [....] » Read More
The Triple Network Model—comprising the Salience Network (SN), Default Mode Network (DMN), and Central Executive Network (CEN)—provides a framework for understanding how anxiety alters brain connectivity. We investigated these network interactions using a previously p [....] » Read More
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is an elective surgery offered to Parkinson disease (PD) patients who meet certain symptom criteria. Despite the success of DBS and increasing use, racial disparities in utilization are prevalent [1, 2]. To date, no study has carefully examine [....] » Read More
Elastic inter-telomeric tethers observed between sister chromatids in mitotic PTK2 cells have raised questions about whether these structures could be ultrafine anaphase DNA bridges (UFBs). To address this, we optimized staining techniques for the Plk1-interacting checkpoint heli [....] » Read More
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual decline in both motor and cognitive functions. Affected individuals exhibit cortical lesions as well as heightened iron deposition in the midbrain, a phenomenon attributed to a [....] » Read More
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare condition caused by reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, often secondary to spontaneous CSF leaks. Although classically presenting with orthostatic headaches, SIH can have atypical manifestations, making diagnosis challe [....] » Read More
Neonatal seizures go frequently undetected since an estimated 85% lack obvious clinical signs. This poses significant risk of severe neurological damage or mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Existing technologies are complex and rely on expert interpretation, which [....] » Read More
This research introduces BlindNeuralGen, a brain-inspired deep learning framework that synthesizes electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from visual inputs, bridging artificial and biological vision systems. Inspired by neurophysiological processes, the architecture incorporates neu [....] » Read More
Sleep deprivation is a growing concern, especially among teenagers, as increased digital engagement continues to disrupt sleep patterns. While the negative effects of sleep loss on cognitive performance have been well-documented, the impact of sleep deprivation on different forms [....] » Read More
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. There is speculation in identifying potential therapeutic agents to mitigate their formation. Oxidative stress (OS)- the imbalance of reactive oxygen species and the body’s [....] » Read More
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disorder of childhood and increasingly recognized as a condition requiring lifelong care. Individuals with severe CP often face coexisting visual, gastrointestinal, and cognitive impairments, yet adult presentations remain underrepre [....] » Read More
Early-Onset Parkinson’s Disease (EOPD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Over 500,000 individuals in the U.S. have been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, but the actual number, including und [....] » Read More
Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory condition associated with the demyelination of axons. The inflammatory phase of MS is named “relapse”, and the following recovery phase is named “remission”. The MS which cycles between relapses and re [....] » Read More
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare condition caused by reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, often secondary to spontaneous CSF leaks. Although classically presenting with orthostatic headaches, SIH can have atypical manifestations, making diagnosis challe [....] » Read More
Background: Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are progressive neuromuscular disorders causing severe disability and premature mortality in children. Traditional treatments have focused on symptom management, but gene therapy offers a paradigm shift. Techniques like adeno-associated vira [....] » Read More
In Hungary, the process of diagnosing dementia is slow and time-consuming. Currently, there are no well-developed systems and strategies at the local level for screening, and there is no artificial intelligence algorithm that could determine early signs of dementia based on the p [....] » Read More
The development of new cholinesterase inhibitors is crucial for advancing therapies for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this work, we utilized the Rosetta pepspec module, originally designed for peptide engineering in protein–protein interac [....] » Read More
Abnormalities in topological architecture of brain functional network have been extensively reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities are also present in remitted MDD (rMDD) and their siblings, which may be crucial in revealin [....] » Read More
Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. The central nervous system (CNS) or brain is one of the most commonly involved organs. Neurological complications occur in nearly 40% patients with AIDS(Acquired Immun [....] » Read More
Background and objectives: Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with significant mortality and morbidity with generalized convulsive SE (GCSE) being the most prevalent. A meta-analysis reported an overall mortality rate of 15.9 % in adults and 3.6 % in children, wi [....] » Read More
Introduction: Musical tempo has not been definitively proven to alter memory such as storage and retrieval (Proverbio et al. 2015; Cournoyer Lemaire et al. 2019; Kwon et al. 2022). Prior studies have shown little research toward the effect of differing music tempos on the st [....] » Read More
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an injury to the brain by an external force. They often present with increased intracranial pressure, activation of the sympathetic nervous system including paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH), and are associated [....] » Read More
Introduction: MRI is an important diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of acute mental status changes. In this report, we present the workup for a patient with acute encephalopathy and abnormal neurological exam who had a pacemaker incompatible with MRI. Results of CT, EEG, EMG, [....] » Read More
Epilepsy, a brain disorder causing recurring seizures, affects approximately 65 million people worldwide, making it one of the most common neurological diseases. Additionally, epilepsy severely reduces individuals' quality of life, with a disability-adjusted life year (DALY) [....] » Read More
Objectives: To evaluate the application and effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Design: A systematic review of studies examining AI-driven models for outcome prediction in pediatric TBI. [....] » Read More
Stroke is a significant cause of mortality and disability globally. It can disrupt the blood- brain barrier (BBB), leading to neuroinflammation. Stem cell therapy is a fundamental part of regenerative medicine, enabling the repair or replacement of damaged tissues using living ce [....] » Read More
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system. This disease stems from damage to the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Patients with PD experience a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms. Common motor symptoms [....] » Read More
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has traditionally been defined by the pathological accumulation of amyloid-β and tau; however, recent advances have highlighted the pivotal role of innate immunity, with a growing focus on how microglia influence the course and mechanisms of di [....] » Read More
Objective: The study aims to present a rare case signifying the co-occurrence of Fregoli delusion, erotomania, and Incubus syndrome in a patient with schizophrenia, and to explore neurological dysfunctions contributing to these overlapping delusions. Introduction: Fregoli syndro [....] » Read More
Post-stroke psychiatric disorders, including depression, cognitive impairment, dementia, anxiety, delirium, mania, and psychotic disorders, are a significant yet often overlooked consequence of stroke. These conditions negatively affect patient recovery, complicate rehabilitation [....] » Read More
Title : Novel important cellular responses, signaling mechanisms and therapeutic options in vascular dementia
Yong Xiao Wang, Albany Medical College, United States
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) have high morbidity and mortality, and diabetes is a leading factor for VCID. The signaling mechanisms for diabetes-induced VCID are largely unknown, and the current treatments for VCID are neither very specific n [....] » Read More
Title : Cervical stenosis-induced chronic cerebrospinal fluid flow restriction as a contributing cause of dementia
Joe Sam Robinson, Mercer University, United States
Statement of the Problem: Obvious CSF flow obstruction is a well-established cause of acute and subacute dementia, as well as a host of other neurological dysfunction processes. Unfortunately, the less-obvious vagaries of CSF production and absorption remain relatively unexplored [....] » Read More
Title : ACE-dependent Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Sergei M Danilov, University of Illinois, United States
An analysis of 1200+ existing missense ACE mutations revealed that more than 400 mutations are predicted to be damaging and led us to hypothesize that heterozygous carriers of these loss-of-function (LoF) ACE mutations (which result in low ACE levels) may be at risk for the [....] » Read More
Title : Alzheimer's disease counteracted by intravenous antioxidants biosupplements administration
Juan Moreira, Centro Neurointegrativo Gnosis, Puerto Rico
Background: Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60% to 70% of cases. (1) Current research indicates that oxidative stress is the principal cause of pathology linked to Alzheimer’s disease. (2-6) Neuronal degeneration in this disorde [....] » Read More
Title : Dietary methanol as a factor in seizures, mood disorders and autism
Ralph G Walton MD, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, United States
The artificial sweetener aspartame (L-aspartyl L-phenylalanine methyl ester) is a significant dietary source of methanol, a known neuro-toxic agent. Aspartame alone can almost double rat brain phenylalanine levels, while aspartame-carbohydrate combinations can raise brain t [....] » Read More
Title : Challenges in translating science into medicine in the field of brain health
Younok Dumortier Shin, ALAIRED LLC, United States
From dementia to depression to pain, neurological diseases affect almost everyone at some point in our lives. The medical research has advanced tremendously, thanks to the advanced technologies such as high-resolution imaging systems, genetic diagnostic tools, and high-throughput [....] » Read More
Title : Association between race and cognitive decline in older adults in the United States and Puerto Rico
Hamna Khuld, Columbia University, United States
Background: Cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease are major public health concerns among older adults in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Racial and ethnic disparities in cognitive health outcomes highlight the need for a better understanding of these differences. Methods: [....] » Read More
Title : Accessible solar-compatible Electroencephalogram (EEG) for rural epilepsy diagnostics
William McCarthy, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, United States
This project evaluates the feasibility of a low-cost, solar-compatible, open-source EEG system tailored for rural and underserved regions with high epilepsy burdens. Worldwide, epilepsy prevalence is highest in regions with limited access to healthcare infrastructure, particularl [....] » Read More
Title : Deciphering astrocytic responses to alcohol in the striatum through combined manual and deep learning methods
Evalds Viguls, University of Chicago, United States
Astrocytes, as key components of the neurovascular unit, play a significant role in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulating neurotransmitter homeostasis, and modulating neuroimmune signaling. Changes in astrocyte density can influence the stability and permeability of t [....] » Read More
Title : Neuroplasticity in motion: Innovative occupational therapy interventions for neurological rehabilitation
Jessica Marchant, Texas Woman's University, United States
Neurological disorders often lead to functional impairments, but advancements in neuroscience have demonstrated the brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize. This presentation explores the intersection of occupational therapy and neuroplasticity, focusing on task-specific tr [....] » Read More
Title : Environmental factors mimicking shunt malfunction symptoms in pediatric hydrocephalus: A hidden driver of unnecessary hospital encounters
Daniel Curry, Texas Children’s Hospital, United States
Background: Hydrocephalus is a common and lifelong neurological condition in children, most often managed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt systems. Due to the potentially life-threatening consequences of shunt failure, even subtle symptoms such as headache, vomiting, or letharg [....] » Read More
Title : Mapping visual action representations in the brain via LLaVa-derived semantic features
Madhav Lolla, University of Cincinnati, United States
Understanding how the human brain encodes complex, higher-order visual information, such as human actions, remains a key challenge in cognitive neuroscience. With recent advancements in neuroimaging techniques, it has been possible to study the neural basis of such a representati [....] » Read More
Title : Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) gene therapy as a regenerative treatment strategy in BCAO stroke mouse model
Ganesh Chapagain, Florida Atlantic University, United States
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. While tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a primary clinical treatment in Emergency care, its efficacy is limited to a narrow therapeutic window, which is less than 4.5 hours post-onset. [....] » Read More
Title : Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical decompression in neurological foot drop: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abbas Khizar Khoja, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of surgical decompression and determine the factors predicting post-operative motor recovery in patients with unilateral footdrop and to propose a critical time frame for operative management. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis (using [....] » Read More
Title : An audit on the assessment and management of osteoporosis in a parkinson’s and related diseases clinic in Australia
Nethmi Nuwanji Amarasekera, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Osteoporosis is characterised by low bone mineral density and is associated with minimal trauma fractures. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes are at increased risk of falls and should be actively screened and treated for osteoporosis. [....] » Read More
Title : A case of probable Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Frontal type (PSP-F) presenting as psychosis
Ala Bashir, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the second most common parkinsonian disorder after idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; yet, it remains frequently misdiagnosed, with only 4,000 confirmed cases reported in the UK by the PSP Association .While neuropsychiatric [....] » Read More
Title : Towards a developmental theory of oscillatory transitions: From theta to beta in subcortico-frontal loops through the lens of ADHD
Aoun Sebaiti Mehdi, Néocortex Institute, France
Brain oscillations evolve dynamically throughout childhood as part of neurodevelopmental maturation. Among these, the transition from dominant theta activity (4–8 Hz) to beta rhythms (12–20 Hz) in frontal and subcortical circuits reflects an increasing demand for cogn [....] » Read More
Title : Neuro-responsive interior design for alzheimer’s care: Enhancing daily life in smart therapeutic spaces
Riham Mohsen Essa, Alexandria University, Saudi Arabia
Alzheimer's patients frequently experience anxiety, disorientation, memory loss, and trouble navigating space, which disrupts their daily lives. As cognitive decline advances, fundamental activities like locating a restroom, identifying personal areas, or experiencing safety [....] » Read More
Title : Clinical efficacy analysis of implantable VNS stimulation rehabilitation therapy for the patients with hemiplegia after ischemic stroke
Dawei Zang, Capital Medical University, China
Purpose: Currently there are no effective rehabilitation therapies for the upper limb movement disorders of the patients after ischemic stroke in clinical; it is difficult for these patients to return to society and work. Implantable VNS (Vagus Nerve Stimulation?VNS) is widely us [....] » Read More
Title : Tai chi-induced exosomal LRP1 is associated with memory function and hippocampal plasticity in aMCI patients
Miaoran Lin, Fujian Medical University, China
Aims: The study was designed to identify the potential peripheral processes of circulating exosome in response to Tai Chi (TC) exercise and the possibility of its loaded cargos in mediating the effects of TC training on cognitive function among older adults with amnestic mild cog [....] » Read More
Title : STING is significantly increased in high-grade glioma with high risk of recurrence
Qingyuan Yang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
To our knowledge, the potential relationships among the frequently mutated genes, well-known homologous recombination repair (HRR) proteins, and immune proteins in glioma from a clinical perspective have not been explored. Here, a total of 126 surgical tissues from patients initi [....] » Read More
Title : Safety, tolerability and efficacy of ALMB-0166 in the patients with acute Spine Cord Injury (SCI): A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I/II study
Jinqian Liang, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China
Introduction: There are currently significant unmet medical needs for therapies that improve the recovery of neurological function after suffering a severe SCI. ALMB-0166 is a first-in-class humanized monoclonal IgG antibody that block connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels in spinal co [....] » Read More
Title : Aspartame-induced cognitive dysfunction: Unveiling role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and molecular
Waseem Dar, Shiv Nadar University, India
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, is consumed by millions of people globally. There are multiple reports of aspartame and its metabolites affecting cognitive functions in animal models and humans, which include learning problems, headaches, seizures, migraines, irritable moods, [....] » Read More
Title : Exogenous CGRP mitigates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in sepsis-associated encephalopathy via regulating C-Jun N-terminal kinase
Harshita Singh, Central University of Punjab, India
During sepsis, the CNS is particularly vulnerable to injury mediated by inflammatory and oxidative processes, which can cause sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), a diffuse brain impairment. Sepsis-induced pathological consequences lead to short and long-term neurobehavioural [....] » Read More
Title : AI based brain computer interface for detecting neurological disorders using EEG signals
T Kishore Kumar, National Institute of Technology, India
Neurological disorders like epilepsy, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and stroke affect millions of people around the world. These disorders are especially hard to treat in rural places where people don't have easy access to specialized medical care. Traditional diagnostic [....] » Read More
Title : Parinaud syndrome secondary to a unilateral midbrain infarction triggered by an isolated hypertensive episode: A case report
Mohammad Abdullah Hameed, CMH Lahore Medical College, Pakistan
Background: Parinaud syndrome, a neuro-ophthalmologic disorder, is characterized by the triad of upgaze paralysis, convergence-retraction nystagmus (CRN) and pupillary light-near dissociation. It is most commonly associated with structural lesions such as pineal tumors. However [....] » Read More
Title : The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy with biofeedback therapy on the quality of life, anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms in patients with dyssynergic defecation: A randomized controlled trial
Afsaneh Nikjooy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Background and Objectives: Dyssynergic defecation (DD) is a major cause of chronic functional constipation. Patients with DD have greater psychological distress and an impaired health-related quality of life compared with the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the e [....] » Read More
Title : Depression led pitting edema- A case report
Niraj Khatri Sapkota, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Background: Pitting edema is the clinical manifestation generally presented due to long stand, vasodilatation, or cardio-hepato-renal disease or in rare hypothyroidism, but in atypical case demonstrates depression with progressive stress also shows indication of mild pittin [....] » Read More
Title : The effect of stress on cognitive functions of the brain
Ankita Dhall, Tashkent Medical Academy, India
Actuality of the theme: Cognitive health is an important component of performing everyday activities. The cognitive function of brain includes complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual motor control, and social cognition. These skills togeth [....] » Read More
Title : Stroke- diagnosis and treatment methods
Shradha Kakde, MGM Medical College, India
Background: Stroke is a major global health burden, representing a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Rapid diagnosis and effective intervention are critical to improving patient outcomes. Objective: This abstract aims to provide an updated overview of current di [....] » Read More
Title : Therapeutic Efficacy of GPI-targeted deep brain stimulation in a filipino male with genetically confirmed X-linked dystonia parkinsonism: A case report
John Paul Vincent F De Mesa, Ospital ng Makati, Philippines
Introduction: X-linked Dystonia Parkinsonism (XDP) is rare neurodegenerative movement disorder endemic to Filipino males with maternal ancestry from Panay Island. It is caused by an SVA retrotransposon insertion in the TAF1/DYT3 locus on chromosome Xq13.1. XDP typically mani [....] » Read More
Title : A new diagnostic perspective for alzheimer's: Salivary p-TAU?
Gustavo Alves Andrade Dos Santos, Sao Leopoldo Mandic School of Medicine, Brazil
In recent decades, research has attempted to identify biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease. Among the substances, the most prominent are beta amyloid protein and TAU protein, the latter of which can be described as total, phosphorylated, 181, 217, 231 and others. Th [....] » Read More
Title : From classroom to clinic: Aligning migraine care with public health
Meghana, The University of Texas Medical Branch, United States
Background: Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders in children, contributing significantly to missed school days, reduced academic performance, and psychosocial stress. Despite its high prevalence, pediatric migraine remains under-addressed in school healt [....] » Read More
Title : The role of local spindles in memory consolidation
Yavuz Durmaz, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, United States
Background: Strong evidence shows that sleep beneficially impacts memory, but how this benefit is produced within the brain’s neuronal networks remains unclear. Recently, local spindles have been distinguished from global spindles. Local spindle interactions with global spi [....] » Read More
Title : Diagnostic challenge in post-influenza acute flaccid paralysis in a 48-year-old female: GBS vs viral myositis
Tanishq Kesani, Yuma Regional Medical Centre, United States
Introduction: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is characterised by the rapid onset of flaccid limb weakness and encompasses a broad range of etiologies. In adults, GBS – an immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy often triggered by infection – is the most common caus [....] » Read More
Title : Seizures in preterm infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage: National trends, risk factors, and mortality outcomes (2003–2020)
Mariana M Coelho, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, United States
Background: Neonatal seizures are a serious complication in preterm infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), yet the national prevalence, trends, and outcomes associated with these seizures remain under-characterized. This study aims to assess the burden, risk facto [....] » Read More
Title : Atypical vernet syndrome following trauma: The overlooked role of internal jugular vein thrombosis
Tanishq Kesani, Yuma Regional Medical Centre, United States
Introduction: Vernet syndrome, or jugular foramen syndrome, is characterised by dysfunction of cranial nerves IX, X, and XI due to lesions affecting the jugular foramen. While common causes include tumours, infections, and vascular anomalies, trauma-induced Vernet syndrome r [....] » Read More
Title : Insulin neuritis presenting as thoracic pseudo-sensory level neuropathy: A rare manifestation of Treatment-Induced Neuropathy of Diabetes (TIND)
Siddhanth Kumar Mekala, University of Missouri, United States
Background: Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes (TIND), or insulin neuritis, is a painful neuropathy following rapid glycemic improvement. It commonly presents as diffuse burning pain, paresthesia, and allodynia. A sharply demarcated sensory level mimicking spinal patho [....] » Read More
Title : Improvement of brain function by wasabi component “hexaraphane”
Isao Okunishi, Kinjirushi Co., Ltd, Japan
Hexaraphane (6-methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate; 6-MSITC) is an isothiocyanate present in the rhizomes and roots of Wasabi (Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Kiudz.). Here we present the results of two clinical trials conducted on healthy subjects and patients with chronic fatigue syndr [....] » Read More
Title : Evaluating factor levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and hs-CRP in serum or plasma of patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stoke
Huiqing Hou, Capital Medical University, China
Purpose: Elevated levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP) have been observed previously in the serum or plasma of patients with stroke, but the associations of these inflammatory cytokines with cognitive impairment after stroke are still [....] » Read More
Title : Chorea-hyperglycemia basal ganglia syndrome in a 66-year-old female with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case report
Al Jamil M Zacaria, Cotabato Regional and Medical Center, Philippines
Introduction. Brain is highly vulnerable to damage from a range of metabolic disorders. Chorea-Hyperglycemia Basal Ganglia Syndrome is a rare and poorly recognized entity that manifests as hyperkinetic movement disorder in a setting of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Strict contr [....] » Read More
Title : A twist in diagnosis: A young woman’s journey from psychiatric symptoms to anti-NMDAR encephalitis with treatment challenges – A case report
Cristal Liriano, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Dominican Republic
Background: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune mediated condition that affects the central nervous system. It is often characterized by a paraneoplastic inflammatory process involving the limbic structures, although non-paraneoplastic cases with extra-limbic involvement ha [....] » Read More
Title : Categorising malarial and non-malarial causes of coma in children admitted to queen Elizabeth central hospital in Malawi
Ajisa Ahmadu, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Malawi
Background and aim: Fever with coma is common in African children. While cerebral malaria (CM) is the leading cause of coma, etiological stratification of malaria and non-malarial coma is suboptimal. Standard diagnostic tests for CM (microscopy or mRDT) are not available in resou [....] » Read More
Title : Defining molecular features of epileptic networks using intracranial sEEG-derived patient tissue
Jasmine K Harris, University of California, United States
Malformations of cortical development are a leading cause of intractable pediatric epilepsy. Approximately one third of these patients lack clearly defined lesions using current neuroimaging technologies. These patients can then undergo stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) to isol [....] » Read More
Title : Action concept deficits are embodied in a topographic manner in adults with cerebral palsy: ERP evidence
Olessia Jouravlev, Carleton University, Canada
In Cerebral Palsy (CP) children commonly experience semantic deficits. The cause of semantic deficits, and persistence of these cognitive challenges into adulthood, are unknown. The social network hypothesis states decreased frequency of language use in CP individuals leads to im [....] » Read More