Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare subtype of Parkinson's disease. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system, characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells. The disorder usually starts in the brain and affects the cerebellum, autonomic nervous system, and movement centers. The result is a loss of movement ability and control, as well as changes in blood pressure, body temperature, and balance. Symptoms of MSA can be mild to severe. They can include stiffness and slow movements, poor coordination, impaired speech, tremors, falls, problems with vision, and urinary incontinence. Other physical symptoms can include a change in the color of the skin, especially around the hands and feet, and changes in the size of the limbs. MSA is a progressive disorder, and there is no known cure. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and slowing the progression of the disorder. Treatment options include medications such as dopaminergic drugs to help with movement symptoms, medications to help with bladder control, and physical and occupational therapy. In some cases, surgery may be recommended. MSA is often diagnosed by ruling out other disorders. Diagnostic tests may include neurologic exams, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. A definitive diagnosis can be made with a postmortem analysis of the brain. MSA is more common in men than in women, and usually affects people over the age of 50. The cause of the disorder is still unknown. Research suggests that a combination of genetic factors, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices may play a role in the development of MSA.