Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a condition in which an individual experiences a decline in cognitive abilities greater than expected for his or her age but not severe enough to be considered dementia. While persons with MCI may continue to function in everyday life, they may begin to experience difficulty with memory, language or attention involving speech, language, writing, and organizing information. Additionally, they may have trouble with higher level thinking, such as planning, organizing or considering the consequences of their actions. The cause of MCI is not known, although evidence suggests that it may be linked to vascular issues, such as stroke or poor circulation, head trauma, diabetes, or metabolic conditions. Research has indicated that MCI can be categorized into two main types: amnestic and nonamnestic. Amnestic MCI, or aMCI, is the more common type, affecting up to two-thirds of those with the condition. Its primary symptom is the inability to remember and recall new information. Nonamnestic MCI, or nMCI, is less common and involves changes in non-memory-related cognitive functions. These may include issues with language, attention, organization, or planning tasks. The diagnosis of MCI can be challenging, as symptoms may wax and wane, and the degree and type of impairment can differ from person to person. A comprehensive evaluation involving a patient’s history, physical and neurological examinations, laboratory tests, cognitive tests, radiological tests, and sometimes psychological testing may be necessary in order to make a diagnosis and to identify any underlying causes. There is no cure for MCI, but some treatments can improve or lessen symptoms. These may include medications to treat any underlying physical illnesses, improved diet and exercise, mental activities and social engagement to help slow memory loss, and lifestyle changes such as avoiding cigarettes and alcohol.