Dyskinesias

Dyskinesias are involuntary abnormal movements of the body, most often in the face, arms, or legs. The movements may be jerky and unpredictable, or slow and writhing. They can be continuous, or come and go, and can be mild or severe. Dyskinesias are usually due to prolonged use of certain antiparkinsonian medications, but they can also occur with viral or toxic exposures, as part of other neurological disorders, or due to genetic diseases such as Huntington’s or Wilson’s disease, or due to certain pregnancy hormones. In some cases, drugs like PCP and cocaine can cause dyskinesia. The most common type of drug-induced dyskinesia is tardive dyskinesia, which is most often associated with antipsychotic medications. These medications can weaken or block the neurotransmitter dopamine, which helps regulate movement. When too much dopamine is blocked, movement can become jerky and unpredictable. Treatment for dyskinesia depends on the cause. If the disorder is caused by a drug, the drug should be discontinued or the dosage reduced. The doctor may prescribe drugs such as anticholinergic, sedatives or benzodiazepines to reduce muscle spasms, or levodopa and other dopaminergic medications to increase dopamine levels. In many cases, the movements of dyskinesia can be reduced with physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other therapies aimed at improving motor control and muscle strength, such as yoga and tai chi. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the offending nerves or parts of the brain that are causing the disorder. There is currently no cure for dyskinesia, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. With proper treatment, people with dyskinesia can find relief from their symptoms and live a normal life.