Parkinsonian Disorder

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder, characterized by deterioration in motor control. It is caused by the degeneration and death of neurons in a structure known as the basal ganglia, which is located deep within the brain. Over time, nerve cells that produce a neurotransmitter called dopamine are compromised. Dopamine plays an essential role in controlling body movements and when its production is affected, a person displays the primary symptoms of PD: tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness and difficulty walking. Other signs of the disorder include depression, anxiety, drooling, difficulty swallowing, sleep disturbances and sexual dysfunction. Secondary symptoms can include changes in behavior, dysregulation of emotions, mood instability, loss of executive functioning (the ability to process information or think abstractly) and cognitive decline. As Parkinson’s Disease progresses, changes in speech, gait and balance become more noticeable. The cause of Parkinson’s Disease is unknown but there is evidence that genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors all contribute to it. A gene mutation has been linked to PD, however this accounts for just a small percentage of cases. Environmental factors such as toxins, infections, head trauma and exposure to certain drugs can also increase the risk of PD. In some cases, the disorder can be caused by a combination of factors. Though there is no cure for Parkinson’s Disease, medications can provide relief from its symptoms. Parkinson’s medications can help increase dopamine production and restore its balance within the brain. Antidepressants, non-dopaminergic drugs and lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, can also help manage the disorder. In addition, recent advances in deep brain stimulation have provided new hope for those with PD. This form of surgery involves implanting electrodes in the brain to stimulate specific areas that are involved in the control of movement. Unfortunately, Parkinson’s Disease has no known cure but researchers are continuing to make advances in understanding the causes of and treatments for the disorder. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of PD can help slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for people with Parkinson’s.