Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is a field of science dealing with the study of the function of the nervous system—the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves—as well as the related electrical activity of the neurons they are comprised of. The ultimate goal of neurophysiology is to understand the complicated processes by which our brains communicate and interpret signals, often correlating to action and emotion. In order to understand how neurons communicate, researches must first identify the types of neurons and their contributions to behavior and the mind-body process. Neurons belong to one of two distinct classes: sensory neurons and motor neurons. Sensory neurons are those responsible for the detection of external and internal input, while motor neurons receive input from the central nervous system and direct muscles to contract in response. Using specialized equipment, neurophysiologists can measure and record the electrical signals that neurons generate when communicating with each other. This physiological activity, known as an action potential, is useful in measuring the activity of the neurons involved and can be recorded, analyzed, and compared with other individual measurements. An understanding of neurophysiology also reveals the brain’s ability to function differently based on experience and our memories. Changes can occur in the connectivity of neurons, resulting in long-term adaptations of behavior or cognition. Neuroplasticity—the rewiring of neurons based on experience—helps to explain the phenomenon of learning and memory. For medical purposes, neurophysiology has garnered much attention as it can be used to diagnose medical conditions like brain tumors, epileptic seizures, and memory loss. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique used by practitioners for diagnosing neural activity through the generation of electrical signals. Such signals provide direct evidence of changes in the brain and can aid in the understanding of neurological diseases. The field of neurophysiology is ever expanding, as advances in technology and research continue to increase the understanding of brain function. Through experimentation and analysis, neurophysiology helps to bridge the gap between biology and psychology, providing a better understanding of the mind and body.