Autoimmune and Inflammatory Myelopathies

Autoimmune and inflammatory myelopathies constitute a diverse array of disorders impacting the spinal cord, marked by immune system dysfunction triggering inflammation and consequent damage to spinal cord tissues. These conditions, though varied in etiology and presentation, converge on the commonality of the immune system erroneously attacking the body's own tissues. Among the well-recognized autoimmune myelopathies is neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), previously termed Devic's disease, which predominantly afflicts the optic nerves and spinal cord. Another prominent example is transverse myelitis, distinguished by inflammation localized to a single segment of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness, sensory disturbances, and potentially paralysis below the affected region. Inflammatory myelopathies frequently stem from conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system targets the myelin sheath encasing nerve fibers within the spinal cord and brain, thus disrupting communication between the brain and the body. The diagnosis of autoimmune and inflammatory myelopathies typically entails comprehensive clinical assessment, alongside imaging modalities like MRI scans, and occasionally cerebrospinal fluid analysis to discern indications of inflammation and immune system activation. Treatment approaches are centered on mitigating inflammation, dampening immune system activity, and addressing symptoms. Therapeutic modalities encompass the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, plasma exchange, and physical therapy to optimize function and mobility. Timely diagnosis and intervention hold paramount importance in averting irreversible damage and enhancing long-term prognosis for individuals grappling with these debilitating conditions.