Neonatal Neurology

Neonatal neurology is the branch of neurology which deals with the diagnosis and care of medical conditions and diseases that affect infants and newborns. This specialty field focuses on the diagnosis and care of neurology conditions that present with, or are associated with, the gestational period, i.e. before birth, during birth, and the postnatal period. Neurological conditions account for a large portion of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. Some common neonatal neurological conditions include cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Cerebral palsy is a group of motor disorders caused by brain trauma or developmental abnormalities in the brain and can lead to abnormal motor control, coordination, and posture. Similarly, hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an excessive build-up of fluid in the brain, which can result in a variety of neurological and developmental issues. Neural tube defects are congenital malformations of the central nervous system that occur during early pregnancy. HIE is a type of hypoxic-ischemic insult which occurs when the brain lack oxygen and blood and can result in permanent neurological damage. Due to the threat neurological conditions can pose to the well being of neonates, neurologists have a pivotal role in the diagnostic and treatment processes. This typically begins with a medical and family history intake as well as a physical exam. Following that, imaging technology (such as brain scans) as well as diagnostic tools, such as the Neonatal Infant Neurological Depression Scale, are used to assess neonates. Treatment typically involves a variety of medical, physical, and occupational therapies to help manage the symptoms of neurological conditions. Neonatal neurology is a rapidly evolving field, with ongoing efforts in diagnosis and treatment protocols that are designed specifically for newborns and infants. In particular, there is a growing emphasis on preventive care, such as preventing hypoxic-ischemic insults caused by maternal medical issues during pregnancy, in order to avoid lifelong neurological disability. As technology and medical advances continue, neonatal neurology will continue to improve, and provide greater and more effective care for infants and newborns.