Shared and distinct pathological mechanisms in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the two most common neurodegenerative disorders. Both conditions are progressive, reduce quality of life, and represent a major burden for aging populations worldwide. Objective This review compares pathological mechanisms, risk factors, and clinical features of AD and PD. Methods Studies published between 2015 and 2024 were reviewed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms included “Alzheimer’s disease,” “Parkinson’s disease,” “neurodegeneration,” and “risk factors.” Reviews, meta-analyses, and selected original studies were included. Special attention was given to abnormal protein aggregation, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle influences.
Results: Alzheimer’s comes from β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles impairing neuronal communication, causing memory loss and confusion. Parkinson’s hits dopamine-making cells in the substantia nigra and forms α-synuclein Lewy bodies, leading to tremors, stiffness, and slow movements. Both share issues like oxidative stress (oxidative stress), mitochondrial dysfunction, and some genetic risks. Staying active, eating well, and keeping your brain sharp might help lower risks. Better scans and tests are catching these early, but no cures yet.
Conclusion: AD messes with memory, PD with movement, but they’ve got some common roots. Knowing this helps us find ways to prevent or treat them. As future docs, this is big since more people are getting these as they age. Ongoing research and education are essential
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, neurodegeneration, risk factors, prevention